What are the positive and, negative charges of electricity?

We owe these terms to Benjamin Franklin. He coined them to explain his theory of electrical charges. Later, Franklin’s theory was proved wrong, but his terms positive and negative were adopted, given different meanings and used in the new theory of electrical charges.
The smallest units of electricity come from the particles which make up the tiny atom. It may not be quite correct to say that these atomic particles carry electrical charges, for this implies that the particles can, under certain conditions, put down their loads. They cannot do this, so it may be more accurate to say that these infinitesimally small units of matter are actually electrically charged.
The principle particles in an atom are protons, electrons and neutrons. The protons in the atomic nucleus each have an identical charge of positive el©ctricity, The electrons which swarm outside the nucleus each have an identical charge of negative electricity. The mass of a proton is equal to 1,837 electrons   but the electrical charge of a proton is exactly equal to that of the electron.
The positive and negative charges are, in a sense, opposites. They attract each other somewhat like the opposite poles of a magnet. When the two opposites areequa2, the charges cancel each other out. In a normal atom, the number of protons equals the number electrons   the charges are balanced and the atom is electrically neutral. The neutron particle is believed to be made from one proton and one electron and it too is electrically neutral.
In the burly burly of chemical activity, however, electrons are always skipping from atom to atom. This upsets the electrical balance of the atoms.
Those losing electrons are left with an excess of positive electricity. Those gaining electrons acquire an excess of negative electricity. Since atoms aim to keep their opposite charges in balance, this stirs up electrical activity.
Lopsided atoms with too many or too few electrons are called ions. They try to gain or lose electrons and re establish neutrality. This activity causes lightning, also the static electricity which occurs when we rub amber and many chemical reactions.
There is no good reason why the electron’s charge should be called negative and the proton’s charge positive. The two charges are merely opposites, The electrical energy in the everyday world is all caused by runaway electrons. The protons, with their opposite charges, are locked in the nucleus of the atom and, except in radioactivity, they never leave home.